Task 3 (Research - The Growth of Music Videos)

* 1941: A new invention hits clubs and bars in the USA: The Panoram Soundie is a jukebox that plays short videoclips along with the music.
* 1956: Hollywood discovers the genre of music-centered films. A wave of rock 'n' roll films begins (Rock Around the Clock, Don't Knock the Rock, Shake, Rattle and Rock, Rock Pretty Baby, The Girl Can't Help It, and the famous Elvis Presley movies). Some of these films integrate musical performances into a story, others are simply revues.
* 1960: In France a re-invention of the Soundie, the Scopitone, gains limited success.
* 1961: Ricky Nelson's Travelin' Man video is shown on television.
* 1962: British Television invents a new form of music television. Shows like Top Of The Pops, Ready! Steady! Go! and Oh, Boy start as band vehicles and become huge hits.
* 1964: The US-Television market adapts the format. Hullabaloo is one of the first US shows of this kind, followed by Shindig! (NBC) and American Bandstand; The Beatles star in A Hard Day's Night
* 1965: Bob Dylan films Subterranean Homesick Blues as a segment for D. A. Pennebaker's film, Dont Look Back, with two alternate takes.
* 1966: The first conceptual promos are aired, for the Beatles' "Paperback Writer" and "Rain".
* 1967: The Beatles ground-breaking promotional films for "Penny Lane" and "Strawberry Fields Forever" are released.
* 1968: The Rolling Stones collaborate with Jean-Luc Godard on Sympathy for the Devil
* 1969: Easy Rider features one of the first uses of rock music to accompany sequences in a dramatic film
* 1970: The record industry discovers these TV-Shows as a great opportunity to promote their artists. They focus on producing short "Promos", early music videos which started to replace the live performance of the artist on the TV-stage. Also, the Atlanta-produced Now Explosion starts a 26-week run in syndication.
* 1973: The first of forty-six different Schoolhouse Rock music videos begin airing during Saturday morning cartoons on ABC.
* 1974: the pop shows Sounds and Countdown premiere on Australian television; Russell Mulcahy makes his first music videos for Sounds.
o Swedish group ABBA pioneer the use of "Promos" with their clips, directed by Lasse Hallström. These contain innovative effects, camera angles, and a less static look than is the norm at the time. The band continue using such videos throughout the 1970s.
* 1975: "Bohemian Rhapsody", a groundbreaking video released by Queen, marks the beginning of the video era and sets the language for the modern music video. The video is considered one of the first to use advanced video effects.
o Tommy, the Ken Russell film adaptation of The Who's rock opera is released.
* 1979: Devo releases "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprise", which is the first music video to include computer animation, as well as traditional animation.
o Another 1979 video with computer animation is "Computer Games", by New Zealand band MiSex.
o UK filmmakers Annabel Jankel and Rocky Morton direct the innovative animated clip for the single "Accidents Will Happen" by Elvis Costello & The Attractions
* 1980: "Ashes to Ashes", considered a groundbreaking video, is released by David Bowie.
* 1980: "Coming Up" All instruments on the video are played by either Paul McCartney or Linda McCartney.
* 1981: MTV, the first 24-hour satellite music channel, launches in August. Initially few cable TV operators carry it, but it rapidly becomes a major hit and cultural icon.
o "Shock Treatment" is released in theatres.
* 1981: Michael Nesmith wins the first ever music video Grammy, for Elephant Parts.
* 1982: Pink Floyd The Wall is released in theatres.
* 1983: Night Tracks debuts on SuperStation WTBS (later known as TBS) with up to 14 hours of music videos each weekend by 1985. This allows nearly all U.S. households with Cable TV to view music videos regularly, as MTV still isn't widely available at this point in time compared to WTBS.
* 1983: Friday Night Videos debuts on the NBC television network, allowing nearly all U.S. households to view music videos regularly. Michael Jackson's Billie Jean video is released on TV, and for the first time a black artist's video is featured in heavy rotation on MTV with the video for his Beat It hit single.
* 1984: Laura Branigan's video for her hit song "Self Control" is refused airplay by MTV, who demand certain cuts be made to remove content they find objectionable.
* 1984: Prince releases the movie Purple Rain, and its soundtrack is nominated for an Oscar. The soundtrack album sells 15 million copies.
* 1984: Michael Jackson's short film Thriller is released, changing the concept of music videos forever. The Making of Thriller home video is also released in 1984. It is the first ever video about the making of a music video and it becomes the best selling VHS to date.
* 1984: Van Halen's 1984 album comes out with famous video hit like "Hot For Teacher", "Jump", and "Panama".
o MTV presents its first Video Music Awards, hosted by Dan Aykroyd and Bette Midler.
o The Grammys award Best Short Form Music Video, as well as Best Long Form Music Video.
* 1985: a-ha find instant stardom with their hit song "Take On Me", significantly due to heavy rotation play of the song's video, which features a combination of live action and rotoscoping animation. The groundbreaking video wins several awards and is consistently rated as one of the best for decades to come.
* 1985: Madonna's video for her hit single "Material Girl" is released. It is largely based on Marilyn Monroe's performance of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes A huge storm of interest explodes for the video. The video is considered one of the most memorable and always comes up in "The Best Videos" lists.
* 1986: "Sledgehammer", the groundbreaking video from Peter Gabriel, furthers the revival of animation in music video, utilizing stop-motion photography and winning several awards.
* 1989: MTV renames its "Video Vanguard Award" the "Michael Jackson Vanguard Award" in honor of the pop star's contributions to the art of music video.
* 1989: Madonna's controversial video for "Like a Prayer" is released.
* 1990: MTV bans Madonna's "Justify My Love" video. It is released as a video single, the first of its kind.
* 1990: First 3D music video is produced: "Love Can Build A Bridge" starring country music superstars The Judds.
* 1991: Nirvana release the "Smells Like Teen Spirit" video, catapulting Kurt Cobain - and the grunge genre - into the American and Worldwide mainstream.
o First use of the now-familiar morphing special effect in a music video, with Michael Jackson's "Black or White" (directed by John Landis), from his album Dangerous.
* 1991: Garth Brooks' award-winning "The Thunder Rolls" is banned by CMT and TNN. Popular demand and critical acclaim force its return to the airwaves.
* 1992: MTV begins to credit music video directors.
* 1995: Release of the most expensive music video ever "Scream", from Michael Jackson's HIStory album, a duet with his sister Janet.
* 1995: TLC's video for their hit song Waterfalls becomes a groundbreaking video for Girl groups and received massive airplay on MTV.
* 1996: Pop-up Video is first aired on VH1.
* 1996: Smashing Pumpkins releases the video for their song "Tonight, Tonight", based upon Georges Méliès's A Trip to the Moon. This video was one of the first to be based upon an early film.
* 1996: M2 is launched as a 24-hour music video channel, as MTV has largely replaced videos with other content.
* 1999: M2 is renamed to MTV2.
o Making the Video, a series chronicling the production of a music video, premieres on MTV.
* 2001: Björk releases the video for Pagan Poetry which was controversial for its depictions of sexual acts and body piercings.
* 2002: MTV Hits is launched, as MTV2 is gradually showing fewer music videos (now virtually non-existent on MTV).
* 2005: Grandaddy fan Stewart Smith releases unofficial "Jed's Other Poem" music video online along with the source code that created it. It is the first open source music video and is later sanctioned by Grandaddy's label, V2 Records.
* 2007: Musicbox (URL: musicbox.sonybmg.com) is launched by Sony BMG. This online portal signifies the first free streaming effort owned and operated by a major label.
* 2008: 3D videos are made by Dave Meyers and Missy Elliott for her single Ching-a-Ling / Björk also makes one for Wanderlust.

Task 2 (Research - Genre Comparative Study)

One Night Only - "You and Me"
The Kooks - "Naive"

The Conventions of "You and Me" by One Night Only have the typical 'indie' band look about them as well as "Naive" by The Kooks. They both have the long straggly/scruffy hair look with tight jeans and baggy tops. Both songs show that they seem quite scruffy,yet they attract girls.

The Visuals and Lyrics of "You and Me" do not really go together that well seeing as the video is set in a field/garden type area. But there is one point at which the visuals and the lyrics go together well and this is where the lead singer sings "I only see what I want to" where is looks at his band and his girlfriend or a girl. You can interpret this by saying he wants nothing else in his life apart from his main friends and girlfriend.
The Visuals and Lyrics of "Naive" go together reasonably well. It is set in a club type scene where he is looking for his girlfriend. When the lead singer sings "Someone so beautiful",it cuts to a shot of them both kissing as he thinks she is beautiful. There is also and ironic side to this because his sings it again when she is being sick down the toilet.
There is also another scene where he sings "Just don't let me down." This is ironic because as he sings this line his girlfriend comes out of the toilet with another man. He then sings this again as his girlfriend tries to patch things up but he does not want to as she had 'let him down'.

The Visuals and Music go together relatively easily in the "You and Me" video. A few examples of this are that when you hear the drums, singing and the guitar you can actually see the band playing. Also, at the very beginning of this music video the music is slow and soft when they are walking towards the field. But as soon as they start running, the music gets louder and faster.
There are not many relations between the Visuals and the Music in the video of "Naive" except from when there are short clips of Luke Pritchard,the lead singer, singing a few lines.

The only Intertextuality that I could pick out from both of these videos are that they both bring in the 'indie' look into their bands which then, if people like the way they look, will probably buy both of their albums. This in turn produces a pretty large sum of money.

The Selling of the Artist in the video of "You and Me" is really just focusing on the lead singer and the band rather than brining in more people. This band were quite unknown when this song came out, so with the video focusing on the band it will present the band and show what they look like.
The Selling of the Artist in the video of "Naive" focuses on the lead singer throughout the whole video untill a few seconds from the end. The Kooks were more well know at this period of time so they did not really need to promote themselves as much as One Night Only.

The Voyuerism in the One Night Only's video is pretty much non existent, where as in The Kooks video, the girlfriend of the lead singer is in a skimpy, short dress.

Task 1 (Research - Initial Six Stage Analysis)

Good Charlotte - 'I don't want to be in love'

This video is set mainly in a club and a corridor. The Club is used for the dancing aspect of the video whilst the singing is in the corridor. The video has a pretty simple narrative as the lead singer is having an argument with his girlfriend because he “doesn't want to be in love”.

“I don't want to be in love” is a quite upbeat song with a fast tempo. Therefore the club scene is a typical convention with everyone dancing and singing with smiles on there faces. This is quite ironic seeing as the lead singer is breaking up with his girlfriend.

The other parts of the song are sang in a corridor. There is no clear reason why but it maybe because he has just been kicked out of his flat.

The links between the visuals and lyrics are pretty clear. When the lead singer is singing “I don't want to be in love” the girlfriend is dancing around him which is quite ironic, but later on in the song the girlfriend is arguing with him as he is singing it. Also when the lead singer is talking about himself the girlfriend gets annoyed.

The links between the visuals and the lyrics are as the music gets quicker the cuts are faster and the whole video becomes sped up. Also, there is a heart monitor, which ironically beats in the shape of a heart, and this beats to the music nearer the beginning of the song.

The selling of the artist is clear as the camera mainly focuses on the lead singer and the band. The camera is not focused on anyone apart from the band and the 'girlfriend'. Also, the lead singer is wearing foundation and has been photo shopped to make him look 'perfect' so he looks like the 'perfect' role model.

The voyeurism is really the woman in short shorts and the nurses in skimpy skirts dancing flirtatiously. Also, for the girls the lead singer is wearing make up and has been photo shopped so he looks more attractive.